Hydrodesulfurization (HDS), also known as hydrotreatment or hydrotreating, is a catalytic process extensively used to eliminate sulphur (S) from natural gas and refined petroleum products like gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oils. removing sulphur from naphtha streams in refineries is crucial because even trace amounts can damage the noble metal catalysts (platinum and rhenium) used in catalytic reforming, a process that boosts the octane rating of naphtha. Industrial HDS processes also capture and remove hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), a byproduct of sulphur removal. In refineries, this H₂S is further processed into elemental sulphur or sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).